In this paper, topology design, optimal routing, and gateways placement selection algorithms are proposed in Heterogeneous Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) with exploiting Free Space Optical (FSO) communication. The proposed network consists of two tiers; the lower tier concerns with clustering Remote Radio Heads (RRHs) based on traffic demands. The upper tier consists of transceivers along with the Cluster Heads (CHs) and gateways. Algorithms are proposed to achieve the lowest number of edges and the highest possible throughput based on the presented optimization problem. Moreover, route

This paper demonstrates the software and hardware of a forward-collision warning system using techniques of realtime computer vision which helps self-driving cars and autonomous vehicles systems to merge with the road environment safely and ensure the reliability of these systems. The software approach of the paper consists of five parts: car detection, depth estimation, lane assignation, the relative speed of other cars and their corresponding speed limit and finally ultrasonic sensors which completes the front of the vehicle as the camera can't cover it alone. Besides these five objectives

The inherent limitations of the network keep on going to be revealed with the continuous deployment of cellular networks. The next generation 6G is motivated by these drawbacks to properly integrate important rate-hungry applications such as extended reality, wireless brain-computer interactions, autonomous vehicles, and so on. Also, to support significant applications, 6G will handle large amounts of data transmission in smart cities with much lower latency. It combines many state-of-the-art trends and technology to provide higher data rates for ultra-reliable and low latency communications

Free space optical (FSO) communication channels are affected by fluctuations in irradiance due to atmospheric turbulence and pointing errors. Recently, a generalized statistical model knows as Málaga (M) was developed to describe irradiance fluctuations of the beam propagating through a turbulent medium. In this paper, an approximate finite-series probability density function (PDF) for composite M turbulence with pointing errors is verified. Considering multiple pulseposition- modulation (MPPM) with intensity modulation and direct detection, specific closed-form expressions for average symbol

Self-Phase Modulation (SPM) is a non-linear phenomenon relating to the self-induced phase shift encountered by the optical field during its transmission into the optical fiber. It is the most popular technique for generating an optical frequency comb (OFC) with different frequency spacing values. The SPM is regulated by many parameters such as fiber length, input optical power, and the non-linearity of the optical fiber. The OFC distinguishes between a high spectral flatness level, a high optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) and a wide range of wavelengths. In this paper, The SPM uses to

In this paper, we propose applying a parameter relaxation technique to the location estimation algorithm that is based on the Received Signal Strength (RSS) of Visible Light Communications (VLC). A hybrid system of localization balancing is introduced, where the localization algorithm is developed with and without this efficient parameter relaxation. The results show that applying the parameter relaxation reduces the localization Root Mean Square (RMS) error by 43% of that without relaxation; and the processing time is reduced by 18% of that without relaxation. Moreover, the parameter

Breast cancer constitutes a significant threat to women’s health and is considered the second leading cause of their death. Breast cancer is a result of abnormal behavior in the functionality of the normal breast cells. Therefore, breast cells tend to grow uncontrollably, forming a tumor that can be felt like a breast lump. Early diagnosis of breast cancer is proved to reduce the risks of death by providing a better chance of identifying a suitable treatment. Machine learning and artificial intelligence play a key role in healthcare systems by assisting physicians in diagnosing early, better

The rapid growth of vehicle demand, such as information sharing, entertainment, and multimedia contents, overwhelms the back-haul network. Due to this nature of the network that suffers from high link disconnections and limited resources, it is challenging to develop a new strategy to satisfy users' requirements. Proactive caching is a useful technique to mitigate the load on core networks, and determining the best caching placement of data time to enhance the network is a significant issue. However, radiofrequency is spreading and supporting multiple channels communication, and has a licensed

In this paper, we present an indoor visible light communication (VLC) system to estimate the position of a moving user. This system uses two approaches based on received signal strength, trilateration estimation, and neural network estimation. In the VLC system, each transmitter sends its position information via light. A photo-detector receiver supported with the moving user is used to receive the transmitted power from each transmitter. The receiver position is calculated using the estimation of trilateration and the prediction of the neural network. We consider the sight line (LOS) and non

The reduction of the high peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR) is important to the efficiency of the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technique. Excessive PAPR contributes to non-linear clipping induced harmonic distortions that reduce system reliability. In this article, a new technique for decreasing the high PAPR in OFDM with minimum effects on the system performance is proposed. The technique uses the image adjust (IMADJS) function to reduce the high PAPR of transmitted OFDM signals by compressing large signals and expanding small signals. In comparison, the IMADJS strategy